FIR EPWW controlled airspace comprises of class C and D.
In all of the controlled airspaces ATS - Air Traffic Service is provided.
Controlled zone - the responsility area of TWR controller. Vertically from GND to a specified altitude (usually around 2000ft).
Controlled zones are found at every controlled airport: EPBY EPGD EPKK EPKT EPLB EPLL EPMO EPPO EPRZ EPSC EPSY EPWA EPWR EPZG.
See the attachment below for an example on how CTR looks like:
Terminal control area - A control area normally established at the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes. Put in simple words - It is an area around major aerodromes established to ensure an orderly flow of traffic from the first waypoint on STAR down to the Initial Approach Point for arriving aeroplanes, and from lift off to the last waypoint of the SID for departing aeroplanes.
TMA may consist of many sectors with different vertical limits, of which the lowest is attached to the aerodrome's CTR.
This is usually area of responsibility of APP controller. Exception to this are procedural airports where TMA falls under TWR controller's jurisdiction. TMAs are either class C or D airspaces.
Every controlled airport has its TMA above the CTR. Exceptions are EPKT and EPMO where TMA is provided, though respectively named Kraków TMA and Warsaw TMA. Still, the rules remain the same. The lower limit of the lowest sector lies on the upper limit of the CTR. The highest limit of the TMA depends on many factors and differs across different TMAs. As mentioned, it can consist of different sectors with different altitude limits. You should be familiar with them.
We will use Warsaw TMA as an example:
Above you can see a basic lookout of Warsaw TMA and it's sectors, now let's add vertical limits onto the picture:
As you can see, the further you go from the airport, the higher the lower limit of the sectors are getting. It looks like an inverted cake from the side - more on that in a moment.
Control Area - A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth.
Control Area is where ACC (Area Control Center) is responsible. It extends from FL095 up to FL660 excluding TMAs and flexible elements of airspace structure (TSA / TRA etc.) All CTA are Class C airspace.
For better visualization and understanding, we've created an exemplary basic side view of the airspace in our FIR.
CTRs TMAs and CTAs are not the only elements of airspace you can find. There are many more:
MCTR / MTMA - same as CTR / TMA but military.
ATZ - Air Traffic Zone. An airspace established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic. You will find it around uncontrolled aerodromes in G airspace.
ADIZ - Air Defense Identification Zone.
P / R and D are areas with certain restrictions connected to them.
Prohibited - No flights are allowed.
Restricted - Flight are restricted in accordance with certain conditions specified by the user of area.
Danger - Within this area, dangerous activities to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times.
All of the above have fixed lateral / vertical limits and are not easily changeable.
Flexible elements are elements of airspace that are not fixed on a day-to-day basis. They might change their vertical and/or horizontal limits, and be activated according to user's needs. These are: TSAs / TRAs / TFRs / MRTs and FBZs.
TSA - Temporary Segregated Area.
TRA - Temporary Restricted Area.
TFR - TSA/TRA Feeding Route.
MRT - Military Route.
FBZ - Flight Plan Buffer Zone.
For more information refer to AIP section ENR 5.
Day-to-day plan of airspace and all concerned airspace elements usage. Which areas will be active? What times will they operate? What lateral / vertical limits will they have? For all these questions you will find an asnwer in AUP.
These are basic guidelines. For more information refer to IVAO Documentation and local procedures.